TedTest

From the Ted Talk by Alexandra Horowitz: How do dogs "see" with their noses?

Unscramble the Blue Letters

"Hi, Bob." "Morning, klley. The tlpius looks great." Have you ever wondered how your dog eeercixneps the world? Here's what she sees. Not terribly interesting. But what she smells, that's a totally different story. And it begins at her wonderfully developed nose. As your dog catches the first hints of frseh air, her nose's moist, spongy outside helps capture any scents the breeze carries. The ability to smell separately with each nostril, smelling in stereo, helps to determine the direction of the smell's source so that within the first few moments of snfiifng, the dog sttars to become aware of not just what kind of things are out there but also where they're located. As air enters the nose, a small fold of tissue divdeis it into two separate folds, one for breathing and one just for smelling. This second airflow enters a region flield with highly silpiazeecd olfactory receptor cells, several hundred millions of them, cioaemprd to our five million. And unlike our clumsy way of breathing in and out through the same pgaasse, dogs exhale through slits at the side of their nose, creating swirls of air that help draw in new odor molecules and allow odor concentration to build up over mlultipe sniffs. But all that impressive nsaal architecture wouldn't be much help without something to process the loads of information the nose scoops up. And it tnurs out that the olfactory system dedicated to proessing smells takes up many temis more relative barin area in dogs than in humans. All of this allows dogs to distinguish and remember a staggering vatreiy of siicepfc scents at concentrations up to 100 million times less than what our nesos can detect. If you can slmel a spritz of pfmruee in a small room, a dog would have no trouble seilmnlg it in an enclosed stadium and distinguishing its ingredients, to boot. And everything in the street, every pnsasig person or car, any contents of the neighbor's trash, each type of tree, and all the birds and insects in it has a dstcinit odor profile telling your dog what it is, where it is, and which direction it's moving in. Besides being much more powerful than ours, a dog's snese of smell can pick up things that can't even be seen at all. A whole separate olfactory system, called the vomeronasal organ, above the roof of the motuh, detects the hormones all animals, iidlunncg humans, naturally rseaele. It lets dogs identify potential mates, or distinguish between friendly and hostile animals. It alerts them to our various emotional states, and it can even tell them when someone is pregnant or sick. Because olfaction is more primal than other senses, bypassing the thalamus to connect directly to the brain structures involving emotion and instinct, we might even say a dog's pieetoprcn is more immediate and vicsreal than ours. But the most amazing thing about your dog's nose is that it can traverse time. The past aapreps in tracks left by passersby, and by the warmth of a recently parked car where the residue of where you've been and what you've done recently. Landmarks like fire hydrants and trees are aromatic buetllin bdroas cryiarng messages of who's been by, what they've been eating, and how they're fnieelg. And the future is in the breeze, alerting them to something or someone approaching long before you see them. Where we see and hear something at a single moment, a dog smells an entire story from start to fsiinh. In some of the best examples of canine-human collaboration, dogs help us by shinrag and reacting to those stories. They can respond with kindness to people in distress, or with aggression to ttrehas because stress and anger manifest as a cloud of hormones recognizable to the dog's nose. With the prpeor taniirng, they can even alert us to invisible threats ranging from bboms to cancer. As it turns out, humanity's best friend is not one who experiences the same things we do, but one whose incredible nose reveals a whole other world beyond our eyes.

Open Cloze

"Hi, Bob." "Morning, _____. The ______ looks great." Have you ever wondered how your dog ___________ the world? Here's what she sees. Not terribly interesting. But what she smells, that's a totally different story. And it begins at her wonderfully developed nose. As your dog catches the first hints of _____ air, her nose's moist, spongy outside helps capture any scents the breeze carries. The ability to smell separately with each nostril, smelling in stereo, helps to determine the direction of the smell's source so that within the first few moments of ________, the dog ______ to become aware of not just what kind of things are out there but also where they're located. As air enters the nose, a small fold of tissue _______ it into two separate folds, one for breathing and one just for smelling. This second airflow enters a region ______ with highly ___________ olfactory receptor cells, several hundred millions of them, _________ to our five million. And unlike our clumsy way of breathing in and out through the same _______, dogs exhale through slits at the side of their nose, creating swirls of air that help draw in new odor molecules and allow odor concentration to build up over ________ sniffs. But all that impressive _____ architecture wouldn't be much help without something to process the loads of information the nose scoops up. And it _____ out that the olfactory system dedicated to proessing smells takes up many _____ more relative _____ area in dogs than in humans. All of this allows dogs to distinguish and remember a staggering _______ of ________ scents at concentrations up to 100 million times less than what our _____ can detect. If you can _____ a spritz of _______ in a small room, a dog would have no trouble ________ it in an enclosed stadium and distinguishing its ingredients, to boot. And everything in the street, every _______ person or car, any contents of the neighbor's trash, each type of tree, and all the birds and insects in it has a ________ odor profile telling your dog what it is, where it is, and which direction it's moving in. Besides being much more powerful than ours, a dog's _____ of smell can pick up things that can't even be seen at all. A whole separate olfactory system, called the vomeronasal organ, above the roof of the _____, detects the hormones all animals, _________ humans, naturally _______. It lets dogs identify potential mates, or distinguish between friendly and hostile animals. It alerts them to our various emotional states, and it can even tell them when someone is pregnant or sick. Because olfaction is more primal than other senses, bypassing the thalamus to connect directly to the brain structures involving emotion and instinct, we might even say a dog's __________ is more immediate and ________ than ours. But the most amazing thing about your dog's nose is that it can traverse time. The past _______ in tracks left by passersby, and by the warmth of a recently parked car where the residue of where you've been and what you've done recently. Landmarks like fire hydrants and trees are aromatic ________ ______ ________ messages of who's been by, what they've been eating, and how they're _______. And the future is in the breeze, alerting them to something or someone approaching long before you see them. Where we see and hear something at a single moment, a dog smells an entire story from start to ______. In some of the best examples of canine-human collaboration, dogs help us by _______ and reacting to those stories. They can respond with kindness to people in distress, or with aggression to _______ because stress and anger manifest as a cloud of hormones recognizable to the dog's nose. With the ______ ________, they can even alert us to invisible threats ranging from _____ to cancer. As it turns out, humanity's best friend is not one who experiences the same things we do, but one whose incredible nose reveals a whole other world beyond our eyes.

Solution

sniffing
mouth
specific
brain
passage
perception
turns
bulletin
visceral
feeling
release
finish
kelly
tulips
mulitple
compaired
sharing
starts
threats
experiences
bombs
training
sense
appears
specialized
times
boards
carrying
proper
distinct
nasal
variety
smell
filled
perfume
fresh
noses
smelling
passing
divides
including

Original Text

"Hi, Bob." "Morning, Kelly. The tulips looks great." Have you ever wondered how your dog experiences the world? Here's what she sees. Not terribly interesting. But what she smells, that's a totally different story. And it begins at her wonderfully developed nose. As your dog catches the first hints of fresh air, her nose's moist, spongy outside helps capture any scents the breeze carries. The ability to smell separately with each nostril, smelling in stereo, helps to determine the direction of the smell's source so that within the first few moments of sniffing, the dog starts to become aware of not just what kind of things are out there but also where they're located. As air enters the nose, a small fold of tissue divides it into two separate folds, one for breathing and one just for smelling. This second airflow enters a region filled with highly specialized olfactory receptor cells, several hundred millions of them, compaired to our five million. And unlike our clumsy way of breathing in and out through the same passage, dogs exhale through slits at the side of their nose, creating swirls of air that help draw in new odor molecules and allow odor concentration to build up over mulitple sniffs. But all that impressive nasal architecture wouldn't be much help without something to process the loads of information the nose scoops up. And it turns out that the olfactory system dedicated to proessing smells takes up many times more relative brain area in dogs than in humans. All of this allows dogs to distinguish and remember a staggering variety of specific scents at concentrations up to 100 million times less than what our noses can detect. If you can smell a spritz of perfume in a small room, a dog would have no trouble smelling it in an enclosed stadium and distinguishing its ingredients, to boot. And everything in the street, every passing person or car, any contents of the neighbor's trash, each type of tree, and all the birds and insects in it has a distinct odor profile telling your dog what it is, where it is, and which direction it's moving in. Besides being much more powerful than ours, a dog's sense of smell can pick up things that can't even be seen at all. A whole separate olfactory system, called the vomeronasal organ, above the roof of the mouth, detects the hormones all animals, Including humans, naturally release. It lets dogs identify potential mates, or distinguish between friendly and hostile animals. It alerts them to our various emotional states, and it can even tell them when someone is pregnant or sick. Because olfaction is more primal than other senses, bypassing the thalamus to connect directly to the brain structures involving emotion and instinct, we might even say a dog's perception is more immediate and visceral than ours. But the most amazing thing about your dog's nose is that it can traverse time. The past appears in tracks left by passersby, and by the warmth of a recently parked car where the residue of where you've been and what you've done recently. Landmarks like fire hydrants and trees are aromatic bulletin boards carrying messages of who's been by, what they've been eating, and how they're feeling. And the future is in the breeze, alerting them to something or someone approaching long before you see them. Where we see and hear something at a single moment, a dog smells an entire story from start to finish. In some of the best examples of canine-human collaboration, dogs help us by sharing and reacting to those stories. They can respond with kindness to people in distress, or with aggression to threats because stress and anger manifest as a cloud of hormones recognizable to the dog's nose. With the proper training, they can even alert us to invisible threats ranging from bombs to cancer. As it turns out, humanity's best friend is not one who experiences the same things we do, but one whose incredible nose reveals a whole other world beyond our eyes.

Frequently Occurring Word Combinations

Important Words

ability
aggression
air
airflow
alert
alerting
alerts
amazing
anger
animals
appears
approaching
architecture
area
aromatic
aware
begins
birds
boards
bob
bombs
boot
brain
breathing
breeze
build
bulletin
bypassing
called
cancer
capture
car
carries
carrying
catches
cells
cloud
clumsy
collaboration
compaired
concentration
concentrations
connect
contents
creating
dedicated
detect
detects
determine
developed
direction
distinct
distinguish
distinguishing
distress
divides
dog
dogs
draw
eating
emotion
emotional
enclosed
enters
entire
examples
exhale
experiences
eyes
feeling
filled
finish
fire
fold
folds
fresh
friend
friendly
future
great
hear
helps
highly
hints
hormones
hostile
humans
hydrants
identify
impressive
including
incredible
information
ingredients
insects
instinct
interesting
invisible
involving
kelly
kind
kindness
landmarks
left
lets
loads
located
long
manifest
mates
messages
million
millions
moist
molecules
moment
moments
mouth
moving
mulitple
nasal
naturally
nose
noses
nostril
odor
olfaction
olfactory
organ
parked
passage
passersby
passing
people
perception
perfume
person
pick
potential
powerful
pregnant
primal
process
proessing
profile
proper
ranging
reacting
receptor
recognizable
region
relative
release
remember
residue
respond
reveals
roof
room
scents
scoops
sees
sense
senses
separate
separately
sharing
sick
side
single
slits
small
smell
smelling
smells
sniffing
sniffs
source
specialized
specific
spongy
spritz
stadium
staggering
start
starts
states
stereo
stories
story
street
stress
structures
swirls
system
takes
telling
terribly
thalamus
threats
time
times
tissue
totally
tracks
training
trash
traverse
tree
trees
trouble
tulips
turns
type
variety
visceral
vomeronasal
warmth
wondered
wonderfully
world